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Contents [ hide ] Introduction Actually, what you are experiencing is a normal physiological process that begins once a girl reaches puberty. The first menstruation in a woman’s life is referred to as menarche , this could happen between the ages of 10 to 15 with most (the average) girls having theirs around age 12. It involves bleeding from the uterus at regular intervals. The end of menstruation is termed menopause , this usually happens between the ages of 45 to 55. Menstruation is therefore defined as the cyclical or monthly flow of blood and shedding of endometrium including mucus, some enzymes and unfertilized ovum. So, what really happens? Well in simple terms, it all begins with changes in hormones in the body. You can think of hormones as messengers that are sent by some organs of your body to tell other cells to do something. In this particular case, an organ called hypothalamus which is found in your brain begins the process. [Fast forward] The ovaries release f...
Acute Renal Failure (Acute Kidney Injury-Aki) PowerPoint Presentation
Definition
- Acute renal failure is the sudden interruption of kidney function due to obstruction, reduced circulation or renal parenchyma disease.
- It is usually reversible with medical treatment otherwise may progress to end-stage renal disease(ESRD), uremic syndrome and death.
Causes
The causes of renal failure can be classified under
- PRE-RENAL CAUSES (60%-70%)
- Prerenal causes of AKI are factors external to the kidneys, and affect flow of blood to the kidneys
- Haemorrhage
- Renal loses (diuresis)
- Gastrointestinal loses (vomiting, diarrhoea, NG suction)
- Myocardial infarction
- Congestive heart failure
- Cardiogenic shock
- Sepsis
- Anaphylaxis
- INTRA-RENAL CAUSES (25%)
- Nephrotoxic Agents (Aminoglycosides, Heavy metals (lead, mercury) Arsenic, NSAIDs (Diclofenac), ACE inhibitors and contrast media
- Infections (Acute Glomerulonephritis, Acute pylonephritis)
- Prolonged renal ischemia resulting from transfusion reaction, haemolytic anaemia, sickle cell anaemia.
- Acute tubular necrosis is the most common cause of Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) for hospitalized patients.
- POST-RENAL CAUSES(<10%)
- Renal calculi (stone)
- Tumors/cancers of the urinary tract
- BPH
- Strictures
- Blood clots
- Pregnancy
- Trauma (back, pelvis, perineum
- Spinal cord disease
- Neuromuscular disorders
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