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Contents [ hide ] Introduction Actually, what you are experiencing is a normal physiological process that begins once a girl reaches puberty. The first menstruation in a woman’s life is referred to as menarche , this could happen between the ages of 10 to 15 with most (the average) girls having theirs around age 12. It involves bleeding from the uterus at regular intervals. The end of menstruation is termed menopause , this usually happens between the ages of 45 to 55. Menstruation is therefore defined as the cyclical or monthly flow of blood and shedding of endometrium including mucus, some enzymes and unfertilized ovum. So, what really happens? Well in simple terms, it all begins with changes in hormones in the body. You can think of hormones as messengers that are sent by some organs of your body to tell other cells to do something. In this particular case, an organ called hypothalamus which is found in your brain begins the process. [Fast forward] The ovaries release f...
Sickle Cell Anaemia PowerPoint Presentation
Objectives
At the end of this presentation, student should be able to know;
- What sickle cell anaemia is.
- Risk factors and causes of sickle cell anaemia
- The pathophysiology of sickle cell anaemia
- Signs and symptoms of sickle cell anaemia
- The diagnostic measures of sickle cell anaemia
- Nursing and medical management of sickle cell anaemia
- Complications of sickle cell anaemia
Introduction
- This is defined as a recessive hereditary blood disease characterized by red blood cells that assume an abnormal, rigid, sickle shape. It is a group of RBCs disorder that is characterized by defect of the haemoglobin.
- Haemoglobin is a protein in RBC that carries oxygen throughout the body. With SCD, the haemoglobin forms into stiff rods within the RBC which change the shape of the RBC.
- The RBCs are supposed to be a disc-shaped, but this changes them into a crescent/sickle shape which are not flexible and cannot change easily.
- Sickle cells usually last about 10-12 days instead of the normal 90-120 days.
- The body may have trouble making enough new cells to replace the ones lost, because of this RBC will not be enough and this can lead to a condition called anaemia.
- These rigid RBC can adhere to the endothelium of small vessels when they pile against each other, causing a blockage that slows or stops the flow of blood and as a result oxygen cannot reach nearby tissues.
- If ischaemia or infarction results, the patient may have pain, swelling, and fever
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